Recent Changes

Chinese Constitution
Both preambles are setting up their constitutions, though, the Chinese Constitution is not their source of legitimacy, while the US Constitution is. The preamble in the Chinese Constitution focuses on recent Chinese history, while the preamble in the US Constitution focuses on what it hopes to be able to accomplish with the government the rest of the Constitution sets up.

Chinese Constitution
I translated the opening of the preamble when I did this part of the wiki, and I found that the Chinese preamble sounds like China's self-introduction to the other nations of the world. The United State preamble places more focus on "WE, the people", while the Chinese preamble talks about China's collective history, culture, and traditions as a country.

GO HERE
[BL]
Authoritarian Power
Other than during brief periods of turmoil, China's citizens have traditionally been subjects of, not participants in, their political system.
Power is usually centralized and in the control of a single ruler or a small group of people
Very low political efficacy, both internal and external
China's Modern Authoritarianism - Perry Link and Joshua Kurlantzick, journalists for the Wall Street Journal
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124319304482150525.html
Excerpt
The Party's top priority remains what it has always been: the maintenance of absolute political power. Economic growth has not sparked democratic change, as one-party rule persists. Through a sophisticated adaptation of its system -- including leveraging the market to maintain political control -- China's Communist Party has modernized its authoritarianism to fit the times.
The Party has utilized a sophisticated strategy to maintain control of its populace. While growing the economy, it has kept the majority of wealth in the hands of an elite class of business leaders, many of whom have willingly accepted authoritarian rule in exchange for getting rich. Far from forming a middle class that might challenge authority, these groups now have reason to join their rulers in repressing "instability" among the people. Meanwhile, the Party has also deliberately stoked and shaped Chinese nationalism, and many inside China now feel pride in the government's model of authoritarian development, especially as the model of liberal capitalism staggers in the wake of the global financial crisis.
Despite its tailored suits and suave diplomats, the Party also maintains a key tool in inducing popular obedience that dates to Mao's era, a technique called "thoughtwork." This ideological enforcement today operates more subtly than in the past, but it is still highly effective. It is covert -- accomplished, for example, through confidential telephone calls to newspaper editors, rather than in banner newspaper headlines. And it is targeted: Whereas Mao Zedong-era campaigns aimed to transform society and even human nature, thoughtwork today focuses on political issues that are vital to the Party's rule, and lets the rest go.
The effects of thoughtwork are far reaching. The Party's activities include outright censorship, but much of the rest of thoughtwork entails the active cultivation of views that the government favors among the media, businesspeople and other opinion leaders in Chinese society. This assertive side of thoughtwork has become especially important in recent years. Many Chinese still harbor complaints about the government's management of the economy, the environment and the country's political system. Particularly in rural areas, it is easy to find people furious at corruption, land grabs, worker exploitation, the wealth gap and thuggish repression.
But thoughtwork counters these complaints in two ways. First, the Party encourages the belief that the central leadership remains pure and all of the problems are due to corrupt or uninformed local officials. Second, the Party simply distracts its citizens. Demands for clean air, for instance, are answered with 52 Olympic gold medals and massive propaganda about the Games. Displaced homeowners are encouraged to worry about the Dalai Lama "splitting the motherland."
The Party's adaptive methods of disruption and distraction have helped maintain control during a period of rapid change, suggesting a durable domestic model of authoritarian governance. Even more worryingly, the government is translating its success at home into success abroad, where the "China model" of authoritarian capitalism is gaining currency. Governments from Syria to Vietnam have sung its praises.
...
Since the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, China's leadership has modernized the country's economy but also its authoritarianism. And because the system's flaws are as glaring as its resilience, its challenge to democracy is a crisis in the original sense of the word -- the course of events could turn either way.
Confucianism
Created by Confucius (duh) in the 6th century B.C.E.
Emphasizes order and harmony
Focuses on respecting superiors in relationships
"To know your faults and be able to change is the greatest virtue."
知錯能改，善莫大焉
"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others."
己所不欲，勿施於人。
Confucius can speak to us still - and not just about China - Timothy Garton Ash, journalist for The Guardian
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/apr/09/confucius-revival-china
Excerpt
In China, Confucianism is back. A popularisation of Confucius by a media-friendly Chinese academic, Yu Dan, has sold more than 10m copies, about 6m of them apparently in pirate editions. Her book has been called Chinese Chicken Soup for the Soul. On the campus of Beijing's prestigious Tsinghua University there used to be a statue of Chairman Mao. Now there's Confucius. A Confucius film is to be made with funding from a state film company. Chow Yun-Fat, better known as a tough guy in Hong Kong gangster movies, will play the master. And there are explicitly Confucian private schools.
This revival is both a private and a public, a social and a party-state affair. "Confucius said, 'Harmony is something to be cherished'," observed President Hu Jintao in February 2005, promoting the Communist party's proclaimed goals of a harmonious society and world. "From Confucius to Sun Yat-sen," averred premier Wen Jiabao a couple of years later, "the traditional culture of the Chinese nation has numerous precious elements", among which he mentioned "community, harmony among different viewpoints, and sharing the world in common". In a book called China's New Confucianism, the political theorist Daniel Bell quips that the Chinese Communist party might one day be renamed the Chinese Confucian party.
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg}
Meritocracy
Historically, governments implemented a bureaucratic hierarchy
Comprises an elite group of scholars
Exams were knowledge-based with extensive focus on Confucianism and related philosophies
Large gap forms between peasant proletariat and bureaucratic elite
Chinese Meritocracy - Alan Jacobs, The American Scene
http://theamericanscene.com/2007/12/04/chinese-meritocracy
Excerpt
David Brooks’s interesting column about Chinese meritocracy mentions only briefly something vital: that this is a very old Chinese tradition. More than a thousand years ago, in the Song dynasty, China began to be ruled by a fully meritocratic civil service -- fully meritocratic in the sense that admission to the ruling cadre was determined solely by success in rigorous and carefully monitored examinations. Few who took the exams passed them, even though a candidate could try again as many times as he wished. There are records of men in their seventies taking and in some cases passing the exams, and some men who had no interest in actually serving the country took them just for the honor of the thing: successful examinees even got to wear distinctive styles of clothing. Many members of the civil service came from poor backgrounds, and indeed this was a reason for initiating the examinations: the second Song emperor said, “We are concerned that hearts clothed in coarse fabrics may contain the qualities of jade, and the fact remain unknown.” This system lasted for hundreds of years with great success and relatively little corruption; what’s happening in China today is a kind of renewal or restoration of it. Whether it’s a faithful restoration I have no way of knowing.
Scholars waiting to take the government exams
{http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/images/exam.jpg}
The "Middle Kingdom"
In Chinese, China is called Zhong Guo, which means Middle Land/Country when directly translated to English
Historically, Chinese governments assumed that surrounding lands did not have much to offer them; together with internal conflicts, this philosophy left China behind during the Industrial Revolution
Chinese Identity - British Museum
http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Chinese_identity.pdf
Excerpt
Chinese people call their country ‘Zhongguo (中國/中国)’ in Chinese. The character zhong (中) means middle or central whilst guo (國/国) means land, kingdom or country; therefore zhongguo could be translated as “middle kingdom”. The name Zhongguo first appeared in documents relating to the late Zhou dynasty (1027-221 BC) in the Classic of History (shujing, 書經) and reflects the Zhou dynasty belief that China was the centre of civilization. Ruled by the dynasties that had obtained the Mandate of Heaven since ancient times, the Chinese tended to view themselves as indeed being at the centre of the world while the rest of the world consisted of barbarians, and they looked on the people in neighbouring countries as vassals.
According to ancient Chinese political beliefs, the Emperor of China was considered the ruler of “all under heaven” (tianxia 天下), a phrase which was used to refer to the whole world. Although in practice there would have been some areas of the known world which were not under the control of the Emperor, it is believed that the political rulers of those areas derived their power from the Emperor of China.
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/c/c6/20080107033759%21Sinocentrism_Tianxia.png}
Communist Ideology
Under Maoism, integrated Confucian moralism with a strong egalitarianism
Under Deng Xiaoping, his version of communism emphasized authoritarian political control and economic privatization
The party goes on - Banyan column, the Economist
http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=E1_TPSQTQGS
Excerpt
What nearly no one predicted has transpired. Today, the party is as strong at home as at any time since it seized power in 1949. Though still authoritarian, it rules largely by consent, preferring persuasion to violence and intimidation—though these remain handy, as during the crushing of Tibetan riots last year.
Abroad, its prestige is as high: some believe China’s economy is about to save the world. Mr Jiang’s successor, Hu Jintao, has been welcomed at the top table of world leaders. On her first trip to Beijing as secretary of state, Hillary Clinton was as blunt as her husband had been a decade earlier, but with a different message: the United States would not let China’s human-rights abuses obstruct the history being made between these two great states.
It is a commonplace that the party’s legitimacy is built on economic growth. Yet China’s leaders have long considered that to be merely the (simplistic) half of it. After the massacre, the Communist Party set about transforming itself. It launched a vast historical investigation into how political parties fall, and how they stay in power. Everyone was scrutinised, from Saddam Hussein to Scandinavian social democrats. The conclusion: adapt or die.
The outcome is a wholesale reinvention of the party, a process accelerated after Mr Hu stepped up as paramount leader in 2004. Shortcomings that were identified included corruption (a chief complaint of the Tiananmen students), lack of accountability in decision-making, no convincing ideology, and an ossified structure. In a recent book (“China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation”), David Shambaugh describes how the 74m-strong party has fired whole armies of time-servers. Bright technocrats and entrepreneurs have been recruited. Retirement rules have been revamped (the Soviet Union’s gerontocracy was noted). Party members have gone back to school: three weeks a year and three months for every three years of mid-career training. More appointments are open to peer scrutiny before they are filled. The Communist Party is vastly more able to govern.
{http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2008/01/24/mao88_wideweb__470x285,0.jpg}
{http://img.tfd.com/wiki/3/39/Cultrev.jpg}
{http://www.gorbashkazdar.com/demotivators/communism.jpg} JUST DO IT.

GO HERE
China was ruled by dynasties under the "mandate of heaven" until the 20th century
emperor's authority accepted as long as conditions were decent; in times of famine, earthquake, or unrest, the dynasty was seen as having lost the mandate and therefore lost the rule
The Revolution of 1911 brought the Chinese Republic, led by Sun Yat-sen. However, it was challenged by regional warlords and Mao Zedong emerged from the conflict to lead the People's Republic of China, established in 1949
Mao ruled under the authoritarian ideology of Maoism; until his death in 1976, he was the main source of power in China
Maoism, though authoritarian, emphasized remaining connected to the peasantry through a process called mass line, requiring leaders to listen to and communicate with ordinary people
There is ostensibly a Constitution that delegates certain powers, but because the political elite remains unbounded by it, it is not a source of legitimacy
Instead, the Politburo is the primary source of legitimacy; the other major power in the Chinese government is the military, as represented by the Central Military Commission
This article by Professor Baogang Guo of Dalton State College goes in depth into political legitimacy in modern day China.
THE CHINESE CONSTITUTION (中华人民共和国宪法) [FL]
Constitution in Chinese & English
Supposedly the "highest law" in the country, but legitimacy stems from the Poliburo
Current version adopted by the 5th National People's Congress on December 4, 1982
Revisions in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2004
Constitutions of 1954, 1975, and 1978 were superseded in turn
Contains five sections
Preamble
Section 1. General Principles
Section 2. Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens
Section 3. Structure of the State
National People's Congress
State Council
Local People's Congress
Local People's Governments
The People's Courts
The People's Procuratorates
Procuratorate: a part of the judiciary that actually enforces laws; the equivalent of prosecutors in the United States, except with special constitutional status
Section 4. The National Flag, National Anthem, National Emblem, and Capitol
Courts do not have judicial review, so there is no way to enforce constitutionality of actions
Compared with the Constitution of the United States, China's constitution appears more narrative; the preamble especially sounds more like China's self-introduction to the world rather than a document of law
Opening lines: " 中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。" translates to "Of all the countries in the world, China is one of the nations with the longest history. The Chinese people of all nationalities have created a culture of grandeur and have a glorious revolutionary tradition."
There are articles about family planning, education, science and technology, medicine and fitness, pollution control and more
States the people's duty to safeguard unity, uphold Constitution, honor the motherland, defend the motherland, and pay taxes
The rest of the Constitution contains similarly dramatic language
Last Section specifically dictates the country's national flag, anthem, emblem, and capitol, a feature not found in the United States Constitution
Similarities include the existence of an executive, legislative, and judicial branches, freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion
CURRENT EVENT ARTICLE [FL]
What Internet? China Region Cut off 6 Months Now
Summary: Summary: Due to an ethnic riot, 20 million people in Xinjian region of western China have been cut off from e-mail, international calls, and text messaging for 6 months now. People travel miles and miles just to get internet access. On weekends, they flock to internet cafes. Many of their businesses depend on it, and some are on the brink of bankruptcy. As of now, the citizens only have access to four restricted Web sites, half of them state-run media. The people in Xinjian only receive news the government wants them to hear.
Problems of Legitimacy: This article is an example of how the legitimacy in China rests with the Poliburo, not with the Constitution. The Constitution states that the people have the freedom of speech and self expression, yet after a small protest, the government cuts them off from the rest of the world. The government now completely controls the inflow and outpost of media in the region, and despite inconveniences and protests, it has not planned to loosen restrictions.

Go to **http://sites.google.com/site/cg7china/political-culture**
Geographic influences
Access to the ocean with many rivers
Major climate splits between the north and south
Mountain ranges separate the country from other countries
Physical Map:
{chinam.jpg}
This is a debate on the economist about China's involvement in Africa: http://www.economist.com/debate/overview/165
China supports with money some African regimes with civil rights violations.
Their primary motive seems to be Africa's natural resources.
The debate is over whether this support will be beneficial to Africa.
This debate shows China's growing involvement in world affairs, in contrast to the isolationism it has had(Except for much of its history.
Dynastic Rule
Confucianism values order and harmony.
Dynasties followed the idea of the mandate of heaven
In ancient times, bureaucratic positions tended to be occupied by scholars.
China has a high degree of ethnocentrism.
Its ethnocentrism is partly a result of its physical isolation from rest of the world.
Timeline of Chinese Dynasties
{ChineseDynasties.gif}
http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2010-03/01/content_19497260.htm
This shows how China is still proud of its culture.
Resistance to Imperialism
China did not like westerners taking advantage of them and their resources during the imperialist era.
This resulted in a strong sense of nationalism.
This nationalism is expressed in the Revolution of 1911 with the hatred of the "foreign devils"
China is still very cautious and suspicious of the western nations even today
Image of Second Opium War
{Second_Opium_War-guangzhou.jpg}
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,203111,00.html
The article talks about North Korea. Of particular note is that China and Russia have criticized the resolution proposed by Japan and supported by the Western Nations. This may partly be because of their suspicions of the West from the imperialist era.
Maoism
Mao influenced by Marx and Lenin
he stressed the power of the peasant.
The Following are subcategories of Maoism:
Collectivism
Good of communities valued above that of an individual
However, scholars were more individualistic.
Struggle and Activism
Mao encouraged people to actively be socialists.
Mass line
Mao said leaders should communicate with peasants.
In addition, peasants should communicate with leaders.
Egalitarianism
Hierarchy was key principle before 1949.
Mao's egalitarianism runs completely counter to the historical hierarchal organization.
Self-Reliance
Mao said that people should rely on own talents to contribute to their communities.
Mao Zedong waving to his supporters
{Mao.jpg}
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/LC03Ad01.html
The article talks about Mao's influence on Chinese politics.
Deng Xiaoping Theory
"No matter if its a white cat or a black cat... just as long as it catches mice!" -Deng Xiaoping
he did not worry whether a policy was capitalist or socialist, but only if it improves the economy
capitalist ideas were introduced into the Chinese economy
Statue of Dengxiaoping
{Shenzhen_Statue_Deng_Xiaoping.jpg}
http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/american-life/US-Futurists-See-New-China-As-Opportunity-Not-Threat---85331182.html
This article talks about Deng Xiaoping's influence on the economy.
Importance of Informal Relations
Power and respect dpend more on informal relations than formal positions among the political elite.
The Gang of Four at their Trials
{Gang_of_Four_at_trial.jpg}
The Gang of Four was a informal group that tried to retain power after Mao's death.
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-02/24/content_9492130.htm
This article mentions nepotism in China.lame Nigeria-ans)

[Logo-AW]
GO HERE
(Except Iran)for lame Nigeria-ans)

[Logo-AW]
GO HERE
Map of China [BL]
View Larger Map
Key Political Leaders [FL]
President: Hu Jintao (since March 15, 2003)
Vice President: Xi Jinping (since March 15, 2008)
Premier: Wen Jiabao (since March 16, 2003)
Executive Vice Premier: Li Keqiang (since March 17, 2008)
Vice Premier: Hui Liangyu (since March 17, 2003), Zhang Deijiang & Wang Qishan (since March 17, 2008)
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress: Wu Bangguo (since March 15, 2003)
{http://www.chinatoday.com/who/h/hujintao.jpg} {http://www.nodulo.org/ec/2007/img/n069p15f.jpg} {http://www.nodulo.org/ec/2007/img/n069p15c.jpg} {http://www.nodulo.org/ec/2007/img/n069p15g.jpg} {http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/17/xin_16203051716384681650617.jpg} {http://english.people.com.cn/mediafile/200710/23/P200710231012532570251231.jpg}
(From left: Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping, Wen Jiabao, Li Keqiang, Hui Liangyu, Wu Bangguo) [JY]
Brief Overview [FL]
Climate
Extremely diverse climate, varies widely from terrain to terrain
Cold-Temperate Zone: north part of Heilongjiang Province and Inner Mongolia (e.g. Harbin)
Mid-Temperate Zone: Jilin, northern Xinjiang, and most of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia (e.g. Beijing, Shenyang, Dalian, Urumqi, Hohhot, Dunhuang, Lanzhou)
Warm-Temperate Zone: area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Hebei Province (e.g. Xian, Taiyuan, Luoyang, Jinan, Qingdao, Zhengzhou)
Subtropical Zone: South of isotherm of Qinling Mountain-Huaihe River, east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (e.g. Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Macau, Guilin, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Kunming, Dali, Lijiang, Chengdu)
Tropical Zone: Hainan province, Guangdong, and Yunnan Province (e.g. Haikou, Sanya)
Plateau Climate Zone: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (e.g. Lhasa)
Natural Resources
Coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium
World's largest hydro-power potential
Exports
Commodities: electrical and other machinery, including data processing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron and steel, optical and medical equipment
Partners: US 17.7 %, Hong Kong 13.3 %, Japan 8.1 %, Sough Korea 5.2 %, Germany 4.1% (2009 est.)
$1.194 trillion (2009 est.)
Country comparison to the world: 2 (ranking)
$1.429 trillion (2008 est.)
Imports
Commodities: electrical machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, plastics, organic chemicals, machinery in general
Partners: Japan 13.3 %, South Korea 9.9%, US 7.2%, Germany 4.9% (2008 est.)
$921.5 billion (2009 est.)
Country Comparison to the world: 4 (ranking)
$1.131 trillion (2008 est.)
Unemployment Rate
4.3% (Sept 2009 est.)
Country Comparison to the world: 40 (ranking)
4.2% (2008 est.)
Note: official data for urban areas only
including migrants may boost total unemployment to about 9%
substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas not accounted for in statistics
Other Statistics [AW, BL]
Statistic Name
Statistic
World Rank
Year statistic taken
GDP per Capita
$2,033.90
131
2006
Literacy Rate
90.92%
57
2006
Corruption Perception Index
3.6
79
2009
Military Spending (billions of dollars)
84.9
2
2008
Military Spending (% World Share)
5.8%
2
2008
Unemployment Rate
4%
152
2007
Carbon Dioxide Emissions per Year
6,130 Million tons
1
2006
Press Freedom Index
84.50
168
2009
Life Expectancy at birth (Female)
75.18 years
119
2008
Life Expectancy at birth (Male)
71.37
97
2008
Most populous at 1,338,612,968 residents
2nd largest country by land area at 9.6 million square kilometers
92nd on Human Development index using 2007 data
92nd on Education Index
80th ranked Literacy rate with 93.3% literacy rate
Male-to-female ratio starts out at 1.19 at birth and is at 1.06 total
92% Han ethnicity; 55 recognized minorities
{http://www.china-europe-usa.com/level_4_data/hum/ani/ani_china_2L.gif}
Pictures [JY, BL]
Landmarks
- Guilin
{http://mattbusby.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/guilin.jpg}
-The Forbidden City
{http://www.ra.ethz.ch/WWW/www2008/images/beijing_forbidden-city_big.jpg}
-Tienanmen Square
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Monument_people%27s_heroes_2.jpg}
-The Great Wall of China
{http://www.elcamino.edu/studyabroad/images/Great_Wall_of_China-1.jpg}
-Yellow River
{http://www.hopeway.com/images/pic/LJ-The%20Yellow%20River%20.JPG}
-Yangtze River
{http://www.china-tour.cn/images/China_Pictures/Yangtze_River_Pictures/Yangtze_River_2.jpg}
-Terracotta Army
{http://images1.fanpop.com/images/photos/1800000/Terracotta-Warriors-and-Horses-china-1898895-2560-1920.jpg}
-A Panda
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Panda_Cub_from_Wolong%2C_Sichuan%2C_China.JPG}
-Smog
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/BeijingSmogComparison-Aug2005a.gif}
-2009 Beijing Military Parade
{http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shandong/images/attachement/jpg/site1/20091008/0013729e44e10c37981e02.jpg}
Culture
-New Year's:
{http://aleadersjournal.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/chinese-new-year-fireworks-hong-kong.jpg} {http://madlofa.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/chinese-new-year.jpg}
-Dragon Boat Festival
{http://www.rancuret.de/weblog/uploaded_images/dragonboat-717416.jpg}
-Moon Festival:
{http://blufiles.storage.live.com/y1pp_knDVjjRNq2E3E-Hr6YdtXx-bl7GL51c-tIUirmq6ui8eP39MLlBqvjjEnpBSQC}
Cities
-Beijing
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Beijingcbd1.jpg}
-Shanghai
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Pudong_Skyline%2C_Shanghai%2C_PRC.jpg}
-Chongqing
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Chongqing_2008.png}
-Hong Kong
{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Hong_Kong_Skyline_Restitch_-_Dec_2007.jpg}
Maps [JY]**
Political:
{http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/01105/China/china_map.gif}
Physical:
{http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china_rel01.jpg}
Agriculture:
{http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/china_agricultural_86.jpg}
Resources:
{http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/china_res_1971.jpg}
Industry:
{http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/china_industry_83.jpg}
Ethnic Groups:
{http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/china_ethno_1971.jpg}
Population Density:
{http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/china_pop_1971.jpg} (Except Iran)

Political TraditionsGO HERE
[BL]
Authoritarian Power

Assignment #2
LEGITIMACY [JY]
That which gives a government the right to rule; requires the citizens to believe that the government is adequately addressing their needs. Today, China's Politburo is the main source of legitimacy.GO HERE
China was ruled by dynasties under the "mandate of heaven" until the 20th century
emperor's authority accepted as long as conditions were decent; in times of famine, earthquake, or unrest, the dynasty was seen as having lost the mandate and therefore lost the rule

{China_Logo.png} ​
[Logo-AW]
GO HERE
Map of China [BL]
View Larger Map